Hello, dear friends. Today we will talk about ROM in housing and communal services - what it is, how maintenance occurs and other issues. ROM stands for intercom and locking device or our usual and familiar intercoms. They are installed on the entrance doors of apartment buildings (Apartment Buildings) and are serviced by a specialized organization, most often the one that installed them.

The question arises: is such a service considered a public service and how much should they pay for it, for example, those residents who refused to install an intercom into their apartment. Let's figure it out.

What are we paying for?

Article 154 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation states that rent means payment for maintenance and repair of common property of apartment buildings and utilities. The list of services and maintenance work in accordance with technical regulations and standards for roofs, attics, basements, utilities, load-bearing walls, technical premises, entrances and local areas is approved by the municipal authorities in each region, as are tariffs for all types of work. Only the general meeting of apartment owners and no one else has the right to expand their list.

We'll complain

Utilities include the supply of resources to ensure comfortable living for residents: water, heat, electricity, gas, sewerage and solid waste removal. If you are forced to pay for services that are not provided to you, or to pay for them at inflated rates, you have the right to file a complaint with the housing inspectorate, the prosecutor's office, or go to court.

It is best to start from the first instance by complaining to your management organization, and only if you do not receive an answer, or an answer that does not suit you, can you continue to complain through the authorities.

More services

Many people probably have to pay for so-called additional services. They are varied and there is no limit to the imagination of management organizations: contributions for insurance of common property, payment for a security post or concierge, maintenance of a barrier, intercom, video cameras, and so on. Some pay in silence, others are indignant - and pay again.

It is especially offensive to those residents who do not need these additional services, but have to pay for them. You don’t have a car and minor children - and you don’t need yard security with video cameras and a barrier, you live alone and don’t have guests - it’s as if you don’t need an intercom.

We do everything according to the law

In order to collect fees for additional services not specified in Article 154 of the RF Housing Code, the management organization must make appropriate changes to the trust management agreement, which stipulate the name, quantity, tasks or purposes of the service, and its cost. And only when each of the owners signs this agreement, the service is provided.

That is, if you are against the provision of an additional service, you do not sign the contract or amendments to it, and below write the reason for not agreeing. It must be borne in mind that the Housing Code of the Russian Federation directly states that the issue of providing additional services is not within the competence of the general meeting of apartment owners of apartment buildings, therefore each owner decides this issue for himself: whether he needs the service or not.

Let's go back to the intercom

You also need to understand that if you refuse to sign an agreement for the provision of an additional service, then 2 scenarios will arise:

1. Regardless of your refusal, you will be charged for providing a service you do not need. You can safely go to complain - the action of the management organization violates the law.
2. You will not be charged any payment, just like others who refuse, and all costs will be evenly distributed among the other owners of apartments in your building. How you look your neighbors in the eyes is your business.

If you installed an intercom in your apartment, you will have to pay for the maintenance of the intercom in full. Even if you file a complaint against the management company or homeowners association, their management can easily prove that you actually use the service in full. It’s another matter if you refuse to install an intercom into your apartment, then in theory they should sell you the number of magnetic keys you need and forget about you.

But you still have to pay the organization that maintains the intercom once a year, since the intercom, like the antenna on the roof, is a means of notifying citizens about emergency situations. For more detailed information, you can study at your leisure Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 307 of May 23, 2006 and No. 491 of August 13, 2006.

You can save money

If your house is not new, and you are just deciding whether you need an intercom, then we advise you to raise money without the participation of a management company or HOA, hire an installation company and that’s it. You won't have to pay for anything anymore. Let's tell you a little secret: if you don't break it with an ax on purpose, then it's a fairly reliable thing that doesn't require additional maintenance. And register it as the property of all residents of the house.

Everyone else who signed an agreement that contains a line about intercom will have to pay. It’s unclear why, but you agreed with this at one time.

Even if you don’t agree with some payment lines on the receipt, pay it in full so you don’t have to deal with recalculations later. Nobody will return the penalty accrued for late payments to you, even if you win the dispute with the management company or the HOA. Otherwise, while you are resolving the issue, you can wait for the bailiffs to arrive.

In Soviet times, there were no intercoms, and anyone could be in the entrance: marginalized people, drunken groups, suspicious individuals. So an intercom is a good barrier for unwanted guests at your entrance.

With this I say goodbye to you. I hope that the topic touched upon is necessary, so subscribe to new articles on our site and give a link to it to your friends and relatives on social networks.

ROM

Read-only memory (ROM) is non-volatile memory used to store immutable data. The English term ROM (Read-Only Memory) is often used.

There are several types of ROM, designed for different purposes:

ROM- (English Read-Only Memory, read-only memory), masked ROM, manufactured by the factory method. There is no possibility to change the recorded data in the future.

PROM- (English: Programmable Read-Only Memory, programmable ROM (PROM)) - ROM that is flashed once by the user.

EPROM- (English: Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, reprogrammable ROM (PROM)).

For example, the contents of the K537RF1 chip were erased using an ultraviolet lamp. To allow ultraviolet rays to pass to the crystal, a window with quartz glass was provided in the microcircuit housing.

EEPROM- (English: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, electrically erasable reprogrammable ROM). This type of memory can be erased and refilled with data several tens of thousands of times. Used in solid state drives. One type of EEPROM is flash memory.

ROM can also include:

• CD-ROM
• · Punched cards and punched tapes

External memory- This is memory designed for long-term storage of programs and data. The integrity of the contents of the VRAM does not depend on whether the computer is turned on or off.

NGMD- floppy disk drives

• - Designed for storing small amounts of information
• - Should be protected from strong magnetic fields and heat
• - These are carriers of random (direct) access to information
• - Used to transfer data from one computer to another
• - To work with information, the media must be formatted
• - The speed of information exchange depends on the rotation speed of the drive
• - The volume of the GMD is relatively small (3.5 inches - 1.44 MB)

The discs are called flexible because their working surface is made of elastic material and placed in a hard protective envelope. To access the magnetic surface of the disk, the protective envelope has a window covered with a curtain. The surface of the disk is covered with a special magnetic layer (1-magnetized area, 0-not magnetized). Information is recorded on both sides of the disk on tracks in the form of concentric circles. The paths are divided into sectors. Modern floppy disks have software markup. On each sector, an area is allocated for its identification, and data is recorded on the remaining area. The drive is equipped with two motors. One provides rotation inside the protective envelope. The second moves the write/read head along the radius of the disk surface. The protective envelope has a special recording protection window. Using the slider, this window is opened and the floppy disk becomes read-only and will not be writable. This protects the information on the disk from being changed or deleted.

HDD- hard disk drives

• - Designed to store the information that is most often used in work - operating system programs, compilers, service programs, user applications, text documents, database files
• - Should be protected from impacts during installation and sudden movements in space
• - These are random access media
• - To store information, it is divided into tracks and sectors
• - The speed of information exchange is significantly higher than GD
• - Hard drive capacity is measured from MB to hundreds of GB

HDDs are built into the drive and are non-removable. They consist of several aluminum disks with a magnetic coating, enclosed in a single housing with an electric motor, magnetic heads and a positioning device. A recording head is brought to the magnetic surface of the disk and moves along the radius of the disk from the outside to the center. At each fixed position, the head interacts with the circular track. Binary information is recorded on these concentric tracks. Thanks to good protection from dust, moisture and other external influences, they achieve high recording density, unlike floppy disks.

To access the HDD, use a name specified in a capital Latin letter, starting with C:, but with the help of a special system program, you can split your physical hard drive into several logical drives, each of which is given a corresponding name.

Hard magnetic disk drives are often called a hard drive after the first hard drive model, which had 30 tracks of 30 sectors, which coincided with the caliber of a hunting rifle.

The land plot plan in legislation is called SPOZU – scheme of planning organization of a land plot. PZU (SPOZU) is a document that, together with an application for a construction permit, must be provided to the owner or tenant of this site in order to begin design and carry out further construction work. The ROM is currently being provided instead of the master plan for the development of the land plot, which was previously required (http://ppt.ru/kodeks.phtml?kodeks=5&paper=51).

Requirements for compiling ROM

A ROM is carried out based on topographic survey data, which indicates the location of the boundaries of the land plot and basic data on the objects being designed and existing at the time of drawing up the plan. In addition, the diagram must indicate the following:

• Designed objects
• Existing capital buildings
• Entrances and approaches to objects
• Underground communications

The designed objects are tied to those already existing on the site in compliance with the distances provided for by the requirements of sanitary and fire safety standards. The scheme should not conflict with the general urban planning plan of the site and other regulatory documents.

Based on the provisions defined in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 dated February 16, 2008 (http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW section 2 as amended on April 13 .2010) The SPOSU must include a set of mandatory elements:

• GPZU number,
• land area,
• calculation of the building percentage,
• building indicators - composition, total area, number of storeys and height,
• characteristics of the site fencing,
• and symbols used in drawing up the diagram (legend).

A land plot plan for individual housing construction consists of graphic and text parts. In the text part the following information is displayed:

• Description of the site intended for construction and indicators of capital facilities;
• justification of sanitary gaps in relation to the boundaries of the land plot and existing and planned facilities;
• compliance of the site organization plan with existing regulations or replacing them with documents on its use;
• approximate order of improvement.

Graphic part of the ROM performed in any form, without taking into account special drawing requirements, but without fail displays:

• placement of existing facilities and facilities proposed for construction with passages and entrances;
• areas of public easements, if any;
• location of sanitary gaps and security zones;
• zones of the site and adjacent territory subject to improvement.

When drawing up a plan of a land plot, the following elements are not required to be indicated in the graphic part - storm drains, sections of the building, facade diagrams and entrances to the site. Please note that when providing ROM, there may be additional requirements for it, depending on local situational circumstances. However, no additional requirements may go beyond those defined in Part 5-11, Art. 51 Urban Planning

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Novgorod State University named after. Ya the Wise

Essay

On the topic “Read-only storage devices. Main characteristics, scope"

Completed by: 1st year student gr. 5261

Bronina Ksenia

Checked by: Arkhipova Gelirya Askhatovna

Veliky Novgorod, 2016

1. The concept of read-only storage

1.1 Main characteristics of ROM

1.2 ROM classification

1.2.1 By type of execution

1.2.2 By types of ROM chips

1.2.3 By the method of programming microcircuits (writing firmware to them)

2. Application

3. Historical types of ROM

Literature

1. The concept of read-only storage

Read-only memory (ROM, or ROM - Read Only Memory) is also built on the basis of modules (cassettes) installed on the motherboard and is used to store immutable information: operating system boot programs, computer device testing programs and some drivers basic input/output system (BIOS), etc.

Read-only memory includes read-only memory, ROM (in English-language literature - Read Only Memory, ROM, which literally translates as “read-only memory”), reprogrammable ROM, PROM (in English-language literature - Programmable Read Only Memory, PROM), and flash memory. The name of the ROM speaks for itself. Information in ROM is written at the factory of the memory chip manufacturer, and its value cannot be changed in the future. ROM stores information critical to the computer, which does not depend on the choice of operating system. Programmable ROM differs from conventional ROM in that the information on this chip can be erased using special methods (for example, ultraviolet rays), after which the user can re-write information to it. This information cannot be deleted until the next erase operation.

ROM is usually classified as non-volatile permanent and “semi-permanent” storage devices, from which information can only be quickly read; information is written to ROM outside a PC in laboratory conditions or with a special programmer and in a computer. Based on the information recording technology, the following types of ROM can be distinguished:

§ microcircuits that are programmable only at the time of manufacture - classic or masked ROM or ROM;

§ microcircuits that are programmed once in the laboratory - programmable ROM (PROM), or programmable ROM (PROM);

§ microcircuits that are programmed repeatedly - reprogrammable ROM or erasable PROM (EPROM). Among them, electrically reprogrammable EEPROM (Electrical Erasable PROM) chips, including flash memory, should be noted.

1.1 Main characteristics of ROM

Data in read-only memory (ROM) is stored permanently. Data that is stored permanently is called non-volatile, meaning that it is retained in ROM even when the power is turned off. Once data is written to ROM, it can be read by other devices, but new data cannot be written to ROM.

ROM is most commonly used to store what is called a “monitor program.” A monitor program is a machine program that allows the user of a microcomputer system to view and change all functions of the system, including memory. Another common use of ROM is to store fixed tables of data, such as mathematical functions, that never change.

There are four types of ROM commonly used by digital computer systems: mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), and electrically programmable ROM (EPROM).

1.2 ROM classification

1.2.1 By type of execution

The data array is combined with the sampling device(reading device), in this case the data array is often called “firmware” in conversation:

§ ROM chip;

§ One of the internal resources of a single-chip microcomputer (microcontroller), usually FlashROM.

The data array exists independently:

§ CD;

§ punched card;

§ punched paper tape;

§ barcodes;

§ mounting “1” and mounting “0”.

1.2.2 By types of ROM chips

According to crystal manufacturing technology:

§ R.O. M English read-only memory - read-only memory, mask ROM, is manufactured using the factory method. There is no possibility to change the recorded data in the future.

Figure 1. Mask ROM

§ PRO M English programmable read-only memory -- programmable ROM, flashed once by the user.

Figure 2. Programmable ROM

§ EPROM English. erasable programmable read-only memory - reprogrammable/reprogrammable ROM (PRPZU/RPZU)). For example, the contents of the K573RF1 chip were erased using an ultraviolet lamp. To allow ultraviolet rays to pass to the crystal, a window with quartz glass was provided in the microcircuit housing.

Figure 3. Flashable ROM

§ EEPROM English. electrically erasable programmable read-only memory - electrically erasable reprogrammable ROM). This type of memory can be erased and refilled with data several tens of thousands of times. Used in solid state drives. One of the types of EEPROM is flash memory.

Figure 4. Erasable ROM

§ ROM on magnetic domains, for example K1602RTs5, had a complex sampling device and stored a fairly large amount of data in the form of magnetized areas of the crystal, while having no moving parts (see Computer memory). An unlimited number of rewrite cycles was provided.

§ NVRAM, non-volatile memory - “non-volatile” memory, strictly speaking, is not ROM. This is a small-volume RAM, structurally combined with a battery. In the USSR, such devices were often called “Dallas” after the company that launched them on the market. In NVRAM of modern computers, the battery is no longer structurally connected to the RAM and can be replaced.

By type of access:

§ With parallel access (parallel mode or random access): such a ROM can be accessed in the system in the RAM address space. For example, K573RF5;

§ With sequential access: such ROMs are often used for one-time loading of constants or firmware into a processor or FPGA, used to store TV channel settings, etc. For example, 93С46, AT17LV512A.

1.2.3 According to the method of programming microcircuits (writing firmware to them)

§ Non-programmable ROMs;

§ ROMs programmed only with the help of a special device - a ROM programmer (both once and repeatedly flashed). The use of a programmer is necessary, in particular, for supplying non-standard and relatively high voltages (up to +/- 27 V) to special terminals.

§ In-circuit (re)programmable ROMs (ISP, in-system programming) - such microcircuits have inside a generator of all the necessary high voltages, and can be reflashed without a programmer and even without desoldering from a printed circuit board, using software.

memory chip programming monoscope

2. Application

The firmware for controlling a technical device is often written into permanent memory: a TV, a cell phone, various controllers, or a computer (BIOS or OpenBoot on SPARC machines).

BootROM is firmware such that if it is written to a suitable ROM chip installed in the network card, it becomes possible to load the operating system onto the computer from a remote local network node. For network cards built into the computer, BootROM can be activated through the BIOS.

ROM in IBM PC-compatible computers is located in the address space from F600:0000 to FD00:0FFF

3. Historical types of ROM

Read-only storage devices began to find application in technology long before the advent of computers and electronic devices. In particular, one of the first types of ROM was a cam roller, used in barrel organs, music boxes, and striking clocks.

With the development of electronic technology and computers, the need for high-speed ROMs arose. In the era of vacuum electronics, ROMs were used based on potentialoscopes, monoscopes, and beam lamps. In computers based on transistors, plug matrices were widely used as small-capacity ROMs. If it was necessary to store large amounts of data (for first-generation computers - several tens of kilobytes), ROMs based on ferrite rings were used (they should not be confused with similar types of RAM). It is from these types of ROM that the term “firmware” originates - the logical state of the cell was set by the direction of winding the wire surrounding the ring. Since a thin wire had to be pulled through a chain of ferrite rings, metal needles similar to sewing needles were used to perform this operation. And the operation of filling the ROM with information itself was reminiscent of the sewing process.

Literature

Ugryumov E. P. Digital circuitry BHV-Petersburg (2005) Chapter 5.

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It is important to know difference between RAM and ROM. If you understand this difference you will be able to better understand how a computer works. RAM and ROM are both different types of storage devices, and they both store data in a computer. In this article, we will tell you the main differences between these two memories, namely RAM and ROM.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is a type of memory that allows stored data to be accessed in any order and from any physical location in memory. RAM can be read and written with new data. The main advantage of RAM is that it takes almost the same time to access any data, regardless of the location of the data. This makes RAM a very fast memory. Computers can read from memory very quickly, and they can also write new data into RAM very quickly.

What does RAM look like?

Commercially available regular memory chips can be easily plugged into and connected to the output of a computer's motherboard. The following picture shows the memory chips.

Read-only memory (ROM)

As the name suggests, data is written to ROM only once and forever. After this, the data can only be read by computers. Read-only memory is often used to install permanent instructions into a computer. These instructions will never change. ROM chips store basic input/output system(BIOS) of the computer. The following figure shows a commercially available ROM BIOS chip.

Difference between RAM and ROM

The following table lists the main differences between random access And only For reading memory.

Comparison table of RAM and ROM

	RAM	ROM
1.	Stands for RANDON-memory access	Stands for memory only For reading
2.	RAM for reading and writing to memory	Typically, ROM is permanent storage and cannot be overwritten. However, the EPROM can be reprogrammed
3.	RAM is faster	ROM is relatively slower than RAM
4.	RAM is non-volatile storage device. This means that data in RAM will be lost if the power supply cuts out.	ROM is read-only memory. The data in the ROM will remain as is even if we remove the power supply
5.	There are basically two types of RAM; static random access memory And dynamic RAM	There are several types of ROM; EPROM, Programmable ROM, EPROM, etc.
6.	RAM stores all applications and data when the computer is running normally	ROM typically stores the instructions needed to start (boot) the computer
7.	The price of RAM is relatively high	ROM chips are comparatively cheaper
8.	larger memory chips	ROM chips are smaller in size
9.	The processor can directly access the contents of memory	The contents of ROM are typically transferred to RAM first and then accessed by the processor. This is done in order to be able to access the contents of the disk at a higher speed.
10.	RAM is often installed with a large amount of memory.	The capacity of the ROM storage device installed in the computer is much less than RAM

RAM and ROM are an integral part of a modern computer system. Do you want to know when the disk is running and when the RAM is in play? Well, when you switch on your computer, you may see a black screen with some white text. This text is from ROM. The ROM instructions control your computer for the first few seconds you turn it on. During this period, as instructions " , how to read from hard drive" "how to print on screen" loaded from ROM. Once the computer is able to do these basic operations, the operating system (Windows/Linux/OSX, etc.) is read from the hard drive and loaded into RAM. The following video explains RAM vs ROM concept further.

When you open a program, like Microsoft Word, the program is loaded from your computer's hard drive into RAM.

We hope this article helped you understand the main differences between RAM and ROM. If you have any questions related to this topic, please feel free to ask in the comment section. We will try to help you. Thank you for using TechWelkin!